الضَمَائِرُ
THE PRONOUNS
The pronoun is a word used in place of a noun, e.g. هُوَ ‘he’, هُمْ ‘they’, هِيَ ‘she’, أَنتَ ‘you’, نَحْنُ ‘we’, هُ ‘his’, هَا ‘her’, كَ ‘your’, etc. They are of two kinds; the Detached Pronouns, called ضَمَائِرُ مُنْفَصِلَة, e.g. هُوَ ‘he’ هُوَ طَالِبٌ ‘he is a student’ and the Attached Pronouns, called ضَمَائِرُ مَتَّصِلَة, e.g. هُ ‘his’ كِتَابُهُ ‘his book’, etc.
For detailed conjugation of the detached pronouns see Table 1&2. The attached pronouns are either attached to a noun or a verb, as shown in tables 3 & 4.
Table 1 & 2
Detached Personal Pronouns
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Table 3
Pronouns attached to a noun with (الإِضَافَةُ) Possessive Relations
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
1. Pronouns Attached to a Verb:
Pronouns attached to a verb become its Direct Object, e.g. ضَرَبَ means ‘he struck’, ‘he’ is a subject and ‘struck’ is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun هُ ‘him’ would become the object of the verb ضَرَبَ. For usage of Attached Pronouns to a verb see Table 4.
Table 4
Pronouns Attached to a Verb as its Direct Object.
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
Some other examples of frequently used Attached pronouns are given below:
– يَدِيْ ‘my hand’, e.g. الكِتَابُ فِي يَدِيْ ‘the book is in my hand’.
– يَدَايَ ‘my two hands’, e.g. يَدَايَ عَلَى المَكْتَبِ ‘my two hands are on the table’.
– بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ literally ‘between my hands’ i.e. ‘in front of me’, e.g. الشَجَرُ بَيْنَ يَدَيَّ ‘the tree is in front of me’.
– عَلَيَّ ‘on me or my responsibility’, e.g. حِسَابُهُ عَلَيَّ ‘his account is on me’.
– لَدَيْهِمْ ‘with them/by them’, e.g. الكُتُبُ لَدَيْهِمْ ‘the books are with them’.
– لِيْ ‘to me or for me’, e.g. لِيْ عَمَلِيْ ‘my action is for me’ i.e. I am responsible for my action.
– لَكَ ‘to you or for your’, e.g. وَلَكَ عَمَلُكَ ‘and youraction is for you’ i.e. you are responsible for your action.
– لَهُ ‘to him, for him’, e.g. لَهُ المُلْكُ وَلَهُ الحَمْدُ ‘to Him (Allah) belongs the universe and for Him is all the Praise’, لَهُالحَقُّ ‘he is right or he has the right’.
– عِنْدَ ‘with’, e.g. عِنْدِيْكُتُبٌ ‘we have books’.
Note that in Tables 1, 2، 3 &4 the second persons ♂&♀ dual and the third persons ♂&♀ dual are identical.
Important Note:
Concentrate in the beginning only on the 3rd Person masculine singular & plural forms, the 2nd Person masculine singular & plural forms, and both the 1st person forms, and skip over the verbal forms and pronouns of the feminine gender (except the singular forms) and the dual forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
2. Possessive Pronouns:
The word إِيَّا is prefixed to the Attached Pronouns. The word إِيَّا confines the meaning to ‘only/alone’, e.g. إِيَاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِيْنُ “You (Alone) we worship, and You (Alone) we ask for help”[1/4]. For usage of Possessive Pronouns with إِيَّا see Table 5.
Table 5
Possessive Pronouns
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms only in the beginning, and skip over the remaining forms as these are not frequently used in the Holy Quran.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns اِسْمُ الإِشَارَة :
The demonstrative pronouns are listed below:
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
4. The Relative Pronouns الإِسْمُ المَوْصُوْل :
The relative pronouns الَّذِيْ، الَّذِيْنَ, etc. are used as conjunction, meaning ‘that, which, who, whom’. They serve the purpose of joining nouns/pronouns or verbs to other nouns or verbs. They have a definite form as given below:
Note:
Concentrate on the underlined forms.
Examples:
– الولد الذي خرج من المسجد طالب ‘The boy who went out of the Mosque is a student’.
– الرجال الذين خرجوا من المكتب مدرسون ‘The men who left the office are teachers’.
– البنت التي خرجت من البيت طالبة ‘The girl who left the house is a student’.
– هو الله الذي لا إله الا هو “He is Allah, beside Whom la Ilaha illa Howa (none has the right to be worshipped but He)”. [59/293]
– قد أفلح المؤمنون الذين هم في صلاتهم خاشعون “Successful indeed are the believers, those who offer their Salah (prayers) with all solemnity and full of submission”. [23/182]
5. Interrogative Pronouns أَسْمَاءُ الاِسْتِفْهَام :
These are given below:
مَنْ ‘who’ مَا ‘what’ أَيْنَ ‘where’كَيْفَ ‘how’ jK_)_ ‘when’ كَمْ ‘how much, how many’,أَنَّى ‘which, from where’ لِمَ ‘why’, لِمَاذَا ‘for what’ مَاذَا ‘what’.
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