أقسام الكلمة
PARTS OF SPEECH
A meaningful word in Arabic is called Kalimah (كلمة). It has only three parts. In other words there are only three parts of speech in Arabic. These are :
1الإسم (Noun, literally ‘name’) :
It is that word which does not need the help of another word to explain its meaning. It is the name of a person, a place or a thing, and the term Ism includes the adjective nouns (الصفة) as well, e.g. محمد "Muhammad", أحمد "Ahmad", وِلْيَم "William", جُرْج "George", زينب ‘Zenab’, عائشة ‘Aishah’, مريم ‘Maryam’, باكستان ‘Pakistan’, لندن ‘London’, فَرَنْسَا ‘France’, البَيْت ‘the house’, المَسْجِد ‘the Mosque’, قَلَم ‘a pen’, الكِتَاب ‘the book’, البُسْتَان ‘the garden’, الكَعْبَة ‘Kaba’, الوَرَق ‘the paper/ leaf’, طعَام ‘food’, ّظِل ‘a shade’, الجِسْم ‘the body’, يَد ‘a hand’, قَمِيْص ‘a shirt’, الغار ‘the cave’, الكُرْسِي ‘the chair’, رِجْل ‘a foot’, البِنْت ‘the girl’, اِبْن ‘a boy’, طَالِب ‘a student’,
2. الفعل (Verb) :
It is that word by which we understand some work or action being done. It is of three kinds/ tenses:
a. The perfect tense, the Madi (الماضي) is used for an action which is completed, e.g. َفَعَل ‘he did’, َكَتَب ‘he wrote’, دَخَلَ ‘he entered’.
b. The imperfect tenses the Mudhari (المضارع) used when an action is not completed, e.g. يَفْعَلُ ‘he does or he is doing or he will do’, يَكْتُبُ ‘he writes/is writing/ will write’, يَدْخُلُ ‘he enters/is entering/will enter’.
c. The imperative tense or the Amr (الأمر) which signifies command, request or supplication, e.g. اِفْعَلْ ‘do’, اْكْتُبْ ‘write’, اُدْخُلْ ‘enter’.
3. الحرف (Harf) :
The particle, preposition and conjunction are called harf. It is that word which is used with noun or verb to complete the meaning of the sentence; its meaning will depend on the word with which it is used, e.g. عَلَى ‘on’, ْفِي ‘in’, ْعَن ‘regarding’, نَعَمْ ‘yes’, لاَ ‘no’, مَا ‘that/ what’,etc.
Further explanation and information about the Ism, the Fail and the Harf will follow in the subsequent lessons.
4. الحركات Vowels (Harkaat) :
The vowels used in Arabic are called الحَرَكَات which are explained below:
- فَتْحَة (Fathah): Signed as ﹷ on top of a letter and pronounced as ‘a’ in ‘above’.
- كَسْرَة (Kasrah): Signed as ﹻ _ under a letter and pronounced as ‘i' in ‘if’.
- ضَمَّة (Dammah): Signed as ﹹ on top of a letter and pronounced as ‘u’ in “put”.
- سُكُوْن (Sukun): Signed as ﹿ on top of a letter as ‘stop’ or ‘stress’; it indicates that the consonant is vowelless, e.g, كُنْ (Kun)
- تَنْوِيْن (‘N’ sound): Signed as double vowel _ﹱ, –, –ٌ as indicated is called tanwin,_ e.g. كِتَابًا (kitaban), كِتَابٍ (kitabin), كِتَابٌ (kitabun). Remember that a word with tanwin is always a noun (الإسم), also a word having (al) اَلْ in the beginning is an indication of its being a noun, however, it does not necessarily mean that a word without ‘al’ or tanwin will not be a noun الإسم. This is evident from the examples of nouns mentioned above where certain words have neither tanwin nor ‘al’, yet they are nouns. It should be noted that the tanwin and ‘al’ never come together on a noun. If ‘al’ comes in the beginning of a noun then its case-ending will be single vowel, not tanwin, e.g.. it may be كِتَاب (a book) or الكِتَاب (the book). It is incorrect to say الكتاب.
5. The Verbal Noun المَصْدَر :
The verbal noun or noun of action may also be used as اسم, e.g. نَصْرٌ ‘help’ (literally helping), ضَرْبٌ ‘a blow’ (literally striking), عِبَادَة ‘prayer’ (literally praying), أَمْرٌ ‘order’ (literally ordering).
The Arabic definite article ‘اَل’ (al) corresponds to the English definite article ‘the’. The Arabic indefinite article tanwin is dropped when the definite article ‘al’ is prefixed to a noun, e.g. بَيْتٌ (baitun) ‘a house’ becomes البَيْت (al-baitu) ‘the house’.
Arabic has 28 alphabets or letters; of these, 14 are called the Sun Letters (الحُرُوْف الشَمْسِيَّة) and the other 14 are called the Moon Letters (الحُرُوْف القَمَرِيَّة). In the moon letters the lam ل of al is pronounced, e.g. القمر (al-qamaru’). While in the sun letters the lam of al is assimilated to the first letter of the noun, e.g. الشمس (ash-shamsu). The assimilation is indicated by شدة (shadda, –ّ) on the first letter of the noun. A table showing the moon letters and the sun letters is given below.
Lunar Letters - الحروف القمرية
The mother = al-ummu = الأم = أ
The door = al-baabu = الباب = ب
The garden = al-Jannatu = الجنة = ج
The donkey = al-himaru = الحمار = ح
The bread = al-khubzu = الخبز = خ
The eye = al-ainu = العين = ع
The lunch = al-ghada-u = الغَدّاءُ = غ
The mouth = al-famu = الفم = ف
The moon = al-qamar = القمر = ق
The dog = al-kalbu = الكلب = ك
The water = al-maa-u = الماَءُ = م
The boy = al-waladu = الولد = و
The air = al-hawa-u = الهواء = ه
The hand = al-yadu = اليد = ي
Solar Letters - الحروف الشمسية
The trader _ at-taajiru = التاجر = ت
The clothing _ ath-thoubu = الطالب = ط
The house _ ad-daaru = الدار = د
The gold _ adz-dzahabu = الذهب = ذ
The man _ ar-rajulu = الرجل = ر
The flower _ az-zahratu = الزهرة = ز
The fish as-samaku= السمك = س
The sun ash-shamsu = الشمس = ش
The chest _ as-sadru = الصدر = ص
The guest _ ad-daifu = الضيف = ض
The student _ at-talibu = الضالب =ط
The injustice _ az-zulmu = الظلم = ظ
The meat _ al-lahm = اللحم = ل
The star _ an-najmu = النجم =ن
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق