إِعْرَابُ الأَسْمَاء
THE IRAB OF NOUN
The Irab of words is a peculiar characteristic of Arabic language, which does not have an equivalent in English. Therefore, it requires particular attention to grasp the subject. The Arabic noun changes its original form or the case ending under different grammatical conditions, e.g.
للهُ being the original form in nominative case, called حَالَة الرَفْع, may change to اللهَ, the accusative case, called حَالَة النَصْب or اللهِ, the genitive case, called حَالَة الجَرّ.
in the Shahadah (الشهادة) ‘declaration of faith’ the first part is لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ اللهُ where اللهُ is the original form in nominative case and the second part is مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ where اللهِ is in the genitive case, while in the verse إِنَّ اللهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْئٍ قَدِيْرٌ, the noun اللهَ is in the accusative.
Similarly, we use الكِتَابُ، الكِتَابَ، الكِتَابِ as also we read in the Holy Quran : المُسْلِمُوْنَ، المُسْلِمِيْنَ، المُسْلِمَاتُ، المُسْلِمَاتِ. These changes in the case-endings of the noun are called إِعْرَابُ الأَسْمَاءِ (Irab of noun).
It is important to remember that the literal meaning of the words/nouns remain the same in all the different conditions; however, their function in a sentence changes according to the different grammatical considerations, which are explained later in the book.
This change/declension in Irab is effected in two ways as explained below :
1. الإِعْرَابُ بِالحَرَكَاتِ :
Case-ending with vowel marks, e.g. رَجُلٌ ‘a man’ is the original form in nominative حَالَة الرَفْعِ and with the change of vowels it may become رَجُلاٌ in accusative حَالَة النَصْبِ or رَجُلٍ in genitive case حَالَة الجَرِّ, and from ُالنِسَاء ‘the women’ >> النِسَاءَ، النِسَاءِ; from مُسْلِمَاتٌ >> مسْلِماَتٍ (only one change is used in this case which represents both the accusative as well as genitive form). In all these cases the vowel of the last consonant is changed.
Note that the original form of a noun in all such cases is always indicated with dammah ( ُ ) or tanwin ( ٌ ), and is called حَالَة الرَفْعِ (halatur-rafha), i.e. nominative case. And the declined form of إعراب بالحركة (Irab bil harkah) is fathha ( َ ) i.e. single short vowel or tanwin ( ً ) above the last consonant, which is called حَالَة النَصْبِ (halatul nasb) i.e. accusative case, and kasrah ( ِ ) or tanwin ( ٍ ) below the last consonant, which is called حَالَة الجَرِّ (halatul-Jarr).
The declension by Irab bil hakah is effected in the following three categories of noun.
A. All singular nouns, both masculine and feminine, e.g.
المسلمُ، المسلمَ، المسلمِ or مسلمٌ، مسلماَ، مسلمٍ
المسلمةُ، المسلمةَ، المسلمةِ or مسلمةٌ، مسلمةً، مسلمةٍ
B. All broken plural nouns, both masculine and feminine, e.g.
رجالٌ، رجالاً، رجالٍ ‘men’ or الرجالُ، الرجالَ، الرجالِ
نساءٌ، نساءً، نساءٍ ‘women’ or النساءُ، النساءَ، النساءِ
C. All feminine sound plural nouns, e.g.
مسلماتٌ، مسلماتٍ ‘Muslim women’ or المسلماتُ، المسلماتِ (There is only one change in this which represents both the accusative genitive case.)
2. الإِعْرَابُ بالحُرُوْفِ :
Change of Irab with letter. The change of Irab with letter is effected in the following two categories of nouns:
A. All dual (مُثَنَّى ), both masculine and feminine are changed with letter, e.g. مسلمَانِ ‘two Muslim men’, which is the original/nominative case, is changed to مسلمَيْنِ, representing both the accusative and the genitive forms. In this case انِ (aani) is changed to يْنِ (aini).
In case of feminine gender, the dual of مسلمةٌ ‘a Muslim woman’ is مسلمتَانِ ‘two Muslin women’, which is the original/nominative case, can be changed to مسلمتَيْنِ, representing both the accusative and genitive forms. Here تَانِ is changed to تَيْنِ
B. All sound masculine plural nouns جَمْعُ مُذَكَّرٍ السَالمُ are also changed with letter, e.g. مسلمُوْنَ (Muslin men) is the nominative/original form, and it is changed to مسلمِيْنَ , representing both the conditions of accusative and genitive forms. Here وْنَ (u’-na) is changed to يْنَ (i’-na).
Note that نِ (ni) (nu’n at the end with kasra) is indicative of a dual noun while نَ (na) (nun with fatha) is indicative of a sound plural noun. The different conditions of Irab are summed up in Table :
Notes:
(1) * — In serial (1, 4, 6, 7) the declension of Irab is effected by the vowel marks الإِعْرَابُ بِالحَرَكَات
(2) — In serial (2, 3, 5) the declension of Irab is effected by the letters الإِعْرَابُ بِالحُرُوْفِ.
(3) — In serial (2, 3, 5, 6) the Changed Form I & II are the same.
(4) — The accusative ending with tanwin (e.g. مسلمًا، كِتَابًا) contains an alif. Exception to this rule being the ًة and ىً, i.e. alif maqsurah ( ألِفٌ مَقْصُوْرَةٌ ).
According to Irab the noun is of two kinds; Declinable (مُعْرَبٌ) and Indeclinable (مَبْنِيٌّ) Nouns.
1. Declinable معرب :
It is further divided into two kinds;
A. مُنْصَرِفٌ - First declension or triptote: The Irab at its ends change under all the different conditions as shown in Table 5 above.
B. غَيْرُ مُنْصَرِفٍ - Second declension or diptote: In this category the noun does not accept tanwin ( ً ٍ ٌ ) and in the genitive case-ending, it does not accept كَسْرَة ( ِ ) i.e. it has only two case-endings namely, nominative/ original form (represented with Dhammah (ضمة/ ُ ) and accusative (represented with fathah (فتحة/ َ ), which is also representative of genitive case. Diptotes (غَيْرُ مُنْصَرِفٍ ) include the following categories :
– Names of women, e.g. عائِشَة، مَرْيَمُ etc.
– Names of Prophets and Angels (peace be upon them), جِبْرِيْلُ، إِبْرَاهِيْمُ, etc.
– Nouns on أَفْعَلُ pattern, e.g. أَسْوَدُ ‘black’, أكْبَرُ Most Great, etc.
– The broken plurals nouns on مَفَاعِلُ ، فَعَالِيْلُ ، فَوَاعِلُ ، مَفَاعِيْلُ patterns, e.g.مَضَاجِعُ ‘bed’, فَوَائِدُ avail, etc.
– Names of men on the pattern of فَعْلاَنُ ، فُعْلاَنُ, e.g.سَلْمَانُ، عُثْمَانُ, etc.
– Names of men ending with ة (closed ta), e.g. أُسَامةُ، حُذَيْفَةُ, etc.
– Names of most of the countries and cities, e.g. مِصْرُ egypth مَكَّةُ Mekkah, etc.
– Nouns ending with ا/ى (short Alif), e.g. الدُنْيأ ‘world’, أَدْنى ‘near’, كُبْرى Great, etc.
– Nouns ending with اء، ‘prolonged vowel’, e.g. رُحَمَاءُ ‘merciful’, فُقَرَاءُ ‘nobles’, بَيْضَاءُ ‘white ♀’.
– Some additional nouns, e.g. جَهَنَّمُ ‘hell’, إِبْلِيْسُ ‘Devil’, فِرْعَوْنُ ‘Pharaoh’, etc.
Note 1 :
With the definite article ‘لא’ or with annexed noun (مُضَاف) the diptote غَيْرُ مُنْصَرِفٍ accepts كَسْرَة kasrah ( ِ ) in genitive case-ending, e.g. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَحْمَنِ ‘In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious’, عَنْ المَضَاجِعِ ‘from the beds’, مِنْ شَعَائِرِ اللهِ ‘among the Signs of Allah’, فِيْ أَحْسَنِ تَقْوِيْمٍ ‘in the best stature/mould’.
Note 2 :
The occasions as to when and why a noun changes its form from nominative to accusative or genitive case will be studied later.
2. Indeclinable مَبْنِيّ :
Most of the Arabic nouns (about 90%) are declinable مُعْرَبٌ . However, some nouns/_ pronouns called indeclinable مبني, remain static or stationary on their original form under all the varied conditions. These include the following:
– Personal pronouns, e.g. هو، هما، هم، أنت، أنتما، أنتم، أنأ نحن, etc.
– Demonstrative pronouns, e.g. هَذَا، تِلْكَ، أُولَئِك، هَؤُلاَءِ, etc. except the dual e.g. هَذَانِ، هَذَيْنِ
– Relative pronouns اسْمُ المَوْصُوْل, e.g. الذي، التي, etc. except the dual e.g. الذَانِ، الذَيْنِ (♀), اللتَانِ، اللتَيْنِ (♂).
– Interrogative pronouns, e.g. كَيْفَ، مَا، مَنْ، أَيْنَ, etc.
– Possessive pronouns, e.g. إِيَّاهْ, etc.
– Nouns with personal pronouns, e.g. كِتَابِيْ My Book, etc.
– Cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen, e.g. أَحَدَ عَشَرَ، ثَلاَثَةَ عَشَرَ etc.
Important Note:
The learners should not get discouraged if he or she does not understand this lesson fully at this stage. He or she should continue with the subsequent lessons, which would definitely help in better understanding of the subject of Irab, Insha Allah.
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